The Role of Perception in the Typology of Geminate Consonants: Effects of Manner of Articulation, Segmental Environment, Position, and Stress

The present study seeks to answer the question whether consonant duration is perceived differently across consonants of different manners of articulation and in different contextual environments and whether such differences may be related to the typology of geminates. The results of the crosslinguistic identification experiment suggest higher perceptual acuity in labeling short and long consonants in sonorants than in obstruents. Duration categories were also more consistently and clearly labelled in the intervocalic than in the preconsonantal environment, in the word-initial than in the word-final position, and after stressed vowels than between unstressed vowels. These perceptual asymmetries are in line with some typological tendencies, such as the crosslinguistic preference for intervocalic and post-stress geminates, but contradict other proposed crosslinguistic patterns, such as the preference for obstruent geminates and the abundance of word-final geminates

Structural and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticles from the gas phase

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden strukturelle und magnetische Eigenschaften von FePt-Nanopartikeln untersucht. Die Nanopartikel mit einer Größe von ca. 6 nm wurden durch Intergaskondensation gebildet und vor dem Abscheiden auf dem Substrat im Fluge gesintert. Angestrebt wurde die Herstellung von L10-geordneten hartmagnetischen einkristallinen FePt-Nanopartikeln. Die Struktur der Partikel wurde mittels hochauflösender Transmissionsenektronenmikroskopie, begleitet durch entsprechende Kontrastsimulationen, charakterisiert. Die Morphologie der Partikel variiert mit den Herstellungsparametern wie Nukleationsdruck und Sintertemperatur. Bei einem Druck von 0,5 mbar wurde keine Bildung der L10-geordneten Phase beobachtet und die Nanopartikel besitzen vorwiegend eine mehrfachverzwillingte ikosaedrische Struktur. Bei einem höheren Druck von 1 mbar und bei einer Sintertemperatur von 1000 ◦C wurden die Nanopartikel zum Teil einkristallin und die Einstellung der geordneten Phase wurde in ca. 36% aller Partikel erreicht, was durch statistische Auszählung mit Unterstützung von Simulationen der HRTEM-Abbildungen ermittelt wurde. Um die Volumendiffusion in den FePt-Partikeln anzuregen, auf der die Einstellung der geordneten L10-Phase beruht, wurde Stickstoff bei der Partikelpräparation zugeführt. Die Idee ist dabei, dass die im Plasma der Sputterquelle dissoziierten Stickstoffatome von den primären Partikeln aufgenommen werden, beim Sintern aus den Partikeln heraus diffundieren und dabei die Volumendiffusion der Eisen- und Platinatome anregen. Die Analyse mittels Elektronen-Energieverlustspektroskopie (EELS) und Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS) hat bestätigt, dass die Stickstoffatome tatsächlich von den FePt-Partikeln aufgenommen werden und beim Sintern bei 1000 ◦C vollständig freigesetzt werden. Die strukturellen Untersuchungen an den unter Stickstoffzugabe hergestellten und gesinterten FePt-Nanopartikeln haben ergeben, dass deren Struktur vorwiegend einkristallin ist und ca. 70 % aller Partikel sich in einer L10-geordneten Phase befinden. Eine detaillierte strukturelle Analyse der FePt-Partikel wurde mit Hilfe der Methode der Exit Wave Reconstruction vorgenommen, wobei die Phasenabbildungen der Partikel auch berechnet wurden. Es wurde eine Expansion der äußeren Atomlagen der Partikel von ca. 10% beobachtet. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Relaxation des Gitters neben einer intrinsischen Gitterverspannung hauptsächlich durch eine Oberflächenoxidation der Partikel hervorgerufen wird. Der Zustand der Oxidation der Nanopartikel wurde mittels EELS und XAS charakterisiert. Darauf basierend wurde die Dicke der Oxidhülle auf ca. 1 - 2 atomare Lagen abgeschätzt. Mittels des Effektes des magnetischen Zirkulardichroismus (XMCD) wurden magnetische Bahn- und Spinmomente und das Magnetisierungsverhalten der Eisenatome in den FePt-Nanopartikeln untersucht. Die Analyse der Daten ergibt, dass die Fe-Atome ein erhöhtes Bahnmoment von 0,2 μB besitzen, was auf die tetragonale Verzerrung des L10-geordneten Gitters zurückgeführt wird.In this work, we present the structural and magnetic characterization of FePt nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with mean size of about 6 nm were prepared by sputtering in the gas and subsequent inert gas condensation. The particles are annealed in the furnace during their flight prior to deposition on a substrate. The aim of this work is to prepare magnetically hard FePt nanoparticles in the L10-ordered phase. The structure of the particles was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the investigations were supported by contrast simulations. The morphology of the particles varies with the sputter-gas pressure and with the annealing temperature. At a pressure of 0.5 mbar, the FePt-nanoparticles are multiply-twinned with an icosahedral structure and exhibit no formation of the L10-ordered phase. At a higher pressure of 1 mbar and an annealing temperature of 1000 ◦C, the particles are partially single-crystalline. About 36 % of the particles are found to be in the L10-ordered state as was estimated by statistical counting supported by simulations. In order to activate the volume diffusion in the particles and to stabilize the formation of the L10-ordered state, the addition of nitrogen was used during the sputtering phase. In this phase, atomic nitrogen is incorporated interstitially into the structure of the primary particles. After annealing nitrogen effuses out of the particles and, thereby, increases the volume diffusion of the Fe and Pt atoms. The incorporation of nitrogen atoms during nucleation and their effusion at an annealing temperature of 1000 ◦C was verified by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Structural investigations on particles prepared in the presence of nitrogen shows that most of the particles are single-crystalline and about 70 % of them are L10-ordered. Detailed structural analysis of the nanoparticles was done by the exit wave reconstruction method. An expansion of about 10% of the outer shells of the particles was observed. This expansion can be attributed to the oxidation of the surface of the particles. The thickness of the oxide shell was estimated by EELS and XAS to be about 1-2 atomic layers. Using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism the spin and orbital magnetic moments and the magnetization loop corresponding to Fe atoms were obtained. The enhanced value of the orbital magnetic moment of 0.2 μB observed in the particles can be attributed to the tetragonal distortion of the L10-ordered lattice

The Effect of Instructed Second Language Learning on the Acoustic Properties of First Language Speech

This paper reports on a comprehensive phonetic study of American classroom learners of Russian, investigating the influence of the second language (L2) on the first language (L1). Russian and English productions of 20 learners were compared to 18 English monolingual controls focusing on the acoustics of word-initial and word-final voicing. The results demonstrate that learners’ Russian was acoustically different from their English, with shorter voice onset times (VOTs) in [−voice] stops, longer prevoicing in [+voice] stops, more [−voice] stops with short lag VOTs and more [+voice] stops with prevoicing, indicating a degree of successful L2 pronunciation learning. Crucially, learners also demonstrated an L1 phonetic change compared to monolingual English speakers. Specifically, the VOT of learners’ initial English voiceless stops was shortened, indicating assimilation with Russian, while the frequency of prevoicing in learners’ English was decreased, indicating dissimilation with Russian. Word-final, the duration of preceding vowels, stop closures, frication, and voicing during consonantal constriction all demonstrated drift towards Russian norms of word-final voicing neutralization. The study confirms that L2-driven phonetic changes in L1 are possible even in L1-immersed classroom language learners, challenging the role of reduced L1 use and highlighting the plasticity of the L1 phonetic system

The effect of allophonic variability on L2 contrast perception: Evidence from perception of English vowels

Current frameworks of L2 phonetic acquisition remain largely underspecified with respect to the role of L1 allophonic variability in acquisition. Examining the role of L1 allophonic variability, the current study compared the perceptual discrimination of English /i-I/ and /E-æ/ by L1 Korean and L1 Mandarin speakers. Korean and Mandarin vowel inventories differ in that Mandarin employs significantly greater allophonic variation of the mid-region /E/ vowel. Results demonstrated worse perceptual accuracy by L1 Mandarin speakers for the /E-æ/ contrast than L1 Korean speakers. These results suggest that both L1 phonemic inventories and allophonic variation play a role in L2 phonetic acquisition

Скайп-интервью в качественных исследованиях. Обзор

Данная статья является обзором научных публикаций, посвященных использованию Skype и сходных технологий для проведения качественных исследовательских интервью. Автор описывает формальные сходства и различия этих публикаций и анализирует некоторые содержательные аспекты. Исследования скайп-интервью в целом довольно однородны, и выводы, к которым приходят их авторы, не противоречат друг другу. Однако это может быть индикатором того, что скайп-интервью еще недостаточно исследованы, интересуются ими чаще непрофильные специалисты, а накопленный эмпирический опыт проведения таких интервью пока небольшой. Кроме того, авторы публикаций упоминают, что скайп-интервью, в отличие личного интервью, проводится не в ситуации физического совместного присутствия, но при этом они не отмечают и не изучают этот факт в качестве различия

«Русские придумали пить по скайпу». Зачем? Употребление алкоголя в компьютерно-опосредованной коммуникации

Статья посвящена специфике технологически-опосредованной коммуникации на примере практики совместного употребления алкоголя при помощи программ видеосвязи, таких как Skype. Автор делает обзор исследований по темам, которые связаны с употреблением алкоголя и онлайн технологиями, обозревает посты по теме исследования в социальных сетях и про-водит эмпирическое исследование— делает интервью с людьми, имеющими опыт употребления алкоголя по Skype. Несмотря на то, что в исследовании участвуют русскоязычные эмигранты или близкие эмигрантов, выводы статьи касаются по большей части более широкой проблемы—восприятия особенностей опосредованной коммуникации. Автор предлагает небольшую типологию ситуаций, в которых люди могут пить алкоголь по Skype, и делает вывод о том, что эта практика, перенесённая из офлайна, воспринимается как неполноценная даже самими участниками

Research Of Economic Development Of Territorial Subjects Of The Russian Federation With Use Of Multiple-Factor Model

The article is proposed and considered multiple-factor model analysis of development of regions of the Russian Federation. The idea of building a spatial model was based on the methodology of modified ABC-analysis, where as the main characteristics were considered: the production of goods and services, the dynamics of production and volume of innovative products and services in the region. The results of the analysis are of great practical importance for the development of the strategy of strengthening the unity of the economic space and innovative development of our country

Economic tools for realization of methane production project on Kuzbass coal deposits

Environmental issues and, above all, issues related to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as coal bed methane, actualize the challenge of searching a variety of options for its disposal. The difference in the macroeconomic, industrial, geological and infrastructural features determine the need to choose the most cost-effective option for using of methane emitted from the coal deposits. Various economic ways to improve the profitability of production are viewed on the basis of the analysis of methane production project from Kuzbass coal deposits, Kemerovo region, Russia

Aperfeiçoamento de Abordagens para o Recrutamento de Pessoal na Indústria Hoteleira

The purpose of the article is to develop a recommendation system for hospitality enterprises using non-traditional forms of recruitment. The dynamism of changes in the environment is found to necessitate the use of innovative approaches based on the real needs and opportunities of modern hospitality industry enterprises. It is confirmed that the effectiveness of personnel recruitment depends on the mastery of up-to-date methods. It is established that implementing the totality of the proposed modern human resource management technologies will contribute to increased personnel productivity and efficiency of hotel enterprises. The introduction and implementation of innovative technologies of personnel management are found to bring changes to other resource areas – in the nature of the hotel product, in the way relationships with the key customers are constructed, and in the economy of the hotel enterprise as a whole in a digitalized environment.El objetivo del artículo es desarrollar un sistema de recomendación para empresas de hostelería que utilicen formas de contratación no tradicionales. Se considera que el dinamismo de los cambios en el entorno requiere el uso de enfoques innovadores basados en las necesidades y oportunidades reales de las empresas modernas de la industria hotelera. Se confirma que la eficacia de la contratación de personal depende del dominio de los métodos actualizados. Se establece que la implementación de la totalidad de las tecnologías modernas de gestión de recursos humanos propuestas contribuirá a aumentar la productividad del personal y la eficiencia de las empresas hoteleras. Se encuentra que la introducción e implementación de tecnologías innovadoras de gestión de personal trae cambios a otras áreas de recursos: en la naturaleza del producto hotelero, en la forma en que se construyen las relaciones con los clientes clave y en la economía de la empresa hotelera en su conjunto. en un entorno digitalizado.O objetivo do artigo é desenvolver um sistema de recomendação para empresas de hospitalidade usando formas não tradicionais de recrutamento. O dinamismo das mudanças no ambiente exige o uso de abordagens inovadoras baseadas nas reais necessidades e oportunidades das empresas modernas da indústria hoteleira. Confirma-se que a eficácia do recrutamento de pessoal depende do domínio de métodos atualizados. Fica estabelecido que a implementação da totalidade das modernas tecnologias de gestão de recursos humanos propostas contribuirá para o aumento da produtividade do pessoal e da eficiência das empresas hoteleiras. A introdução e implementação de tecnologias inovadoras de gestão de pessoal trazem mudanças para outras áreas de recursos – na natureza do produto hoteleiro, na forma como os relacionamentos com os principais clientes são construídos e na economia da empresa hoteleira como um todo em um ambiente digitalizado